Héroes y villanos: bacterias asociadas al cultivo de moluscos
Resumen
La acuicultura de moluscos se ve seriamente afectada por patógenos bacterianos que causan grandes pérdidas en los criaderos, así como en los bancos naturales. Los principales responsables de los brotes de mortalidad son diferentes especies de Vibrio, consideradas importantes patógenos en acuicultura. Con la introducción de nuevas especies al cultivo intensivo, como la oreja de mar (gasterópodos) y el pulpo (cefalópodos), también han aparecido nuevos patógenos potenciales, incluyendo entre otros algunos miembros de los géneros Pseudomonas o Serratia. El presente trabajo ofrece una visión actualizada de las principales enfermedades que afectan a los diferentes grupos de moluscos. Por otro lado, desde hace algunos años se ha prestado especial atención al uso en los criaderos de moluscos de bacterias con actividad antimicrobiana, con el fin de controlar la composición de la microbiota asociada a los cultivos larvarios, evitar la presencia de patógenos, y mejorar la supervivencia de las larvas. Diferentes taxones, como Phaeobacter o Pseudoalteromonas se han propuesto como probióticos (definición ampliada para la acuicultura) eficaces y ensayado en condiciones de laboratorio y de criadero.
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